The other main character of Adventure Time is Jake. Jake is Finn's older adoptive brother. He is a magical dog, with a variety of special skills and powers. In magical dog years he's 28.
Jake is an funny character. While he can do things that are completely unlikable and seem unjustified, he does have good intentions most of the time.
While he tends to be a bit of a slacker and unmotivated by most things, he is deeply loyal to his bro. Despite this loyalty, there are times when he is extremely selfish or unfocused on what he's supposed to be doing, such as when he needs to rescue Finn from gnomes.
Jake has an ability known as "Stretchy Powers" that allow him to transform into various objects. This isn't just limited to his full body, but it can also be specific parts of his body such as his arms, legs, or even head.
Jake acts as a "voice of reason" to Finn sometimes. I put that in quotes because there are sometimes where Jake's advice is truly terrible and unhelpful. Its often well meant and it does come from a place of caring, but due to his somewhat flawed morality it turns out to be bad.
I like the character of Jake acting as a foil to Finn's unquestioning heroics. Jake does do things that are highly questionable, such as grave robbing and bike theft, but he mostly has his heart in the right place of helping people. He's shown to be a good boyfriend to Lady and is loyal and supportive to his friends. He's likable though seriously flawed morally. It works though, and that's another part that makes me enjoy this show.
The main character of Adventure Time is Finn the Human. He starts off as a 12 year old human boy living in the land of Ooo. He goes around Ooo with his adoptive brother Jake, a magical dog.
Finn is implied to be one of the last humans in Ooo, the rest having been wiped out or gone extinct by some reason. The show hasn't been very clear about this so far, so when they clarify this I'll get back to you on it.
Finn was adopted when he was a baby by Jake's parents Margret and Joshua, which lead to the two of them living together and being best friends, rather than a master/pet relationship that would be initially assumed. The two of them live together in a tree house in the Grass Lands, along with BMO, a sentient video game console.
He is very close with his older brother, frequently going to him for advice or help in defeating a foe. This relationship is one of the cornerstones of the series, with the pair relying on each other in the various mishaps they find themselves in.
Finn is shown to be very morally good, unable to bring himself to harm any innocent person or creature. This strong morality is what leads him to be a hero around Ooo. This also allows him to get along with most of the residents of the land, aside from those with evil intentions.
He has been shown to have many friends throughout Ooo, including Princess Bubblegum, Marceline, Lumpy Space Princess and many more because of his friendly and helpful nature.
Overall Finn is a good protagonist. He makes for a likable character that's easy to root for, yet still has flaws and feels real.
I've only scratched the surface with Finn. There is so much more to him as a character, both in personality and back story, than I can cram into this blog. I don't want this to turn into a wiki. So with a basic understanding of one of the driving forces of this series, stay tuned for more. Up next: The first of the episode posts!
Further reading: Finn on the Adventure Time Wiki